Caption: War Publications - WWI Compilation 1923 - Article 49
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V.ll. T H E D I S I N T E G R A T I O N OF T U R K E Y ; T H E B A L K A N WARS. 1. The Turkish R e v o l u t i o n , 1908 . CtaractwufTurkuh b!o»ul> rillt.: a l l l n r r i l l l l , lirhll ,nelBrfwit • oppressive, ^^^^^^^ •• The N o«,u Turk movement: party professedly for a constltuUonal gov. • m i n e * a humane administration, and liberal institutions of the W € £ t y p , . brought the army at Saloniki to its view; s u c c e s s ^ r e r Z turn; roiiMlimion proclaimed; Young Turks seized offices. . Failure of the revolution: Young Turk leaders proved as inefficient and blood-thirsty as their predecessors; attempted Ottomanization d. Durum the revolution (1908) Austria formally annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina, whieh she had been administering for Turkey, and Bulgaria declared herself wholly independent under a Tsar. Note: this annexation was of tremendous importance, as the new Austrian subjects were largely Serbs; Serbia protested and mobilized but found no support. 2. The w a r between Italy and T u r k e y , 1911. a. Italy proceeded to conquer Tripoli, a Turkish dependency. b. To hasten the end of the war Italy attacked Turkey in the Aegean Sea and occupied twelve islands, including Rhodes. c Turkey surrendered Tripoli to Italy; Italy promised to return the islands; has not done so—Italy and Turkey again at war. 3. The Balkan wars, 1912-1913. a. 1912f Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Montenegro form alliance against the Turks; Venizelos the chief spirit in the league. Allies demand reforms in Macedonia; Turks unwilling and begin to mobilize. b. October, 1912, the Balkan allies attack Turkey at four points; swift and furious fighting for six weeks; the Turk defeated at all points. c. May, 1913, treaty of London; dissatisfaction among the allies; Austria insists on an independent Albania—to shut Serbia from the sea. d. Second Balkan war: war for Macedonia; Bulgaria against her allies and Rumania; Bulgaria crushed. e Treaty of Bucharest, August, 1913. Bulgaria was forced to return Adrianople to the Turks, to cede a strip of the Dobrudja to Rumania, and to leave the larger part of Macedonia to Greece and Serbia. 4 ' ^ T O ^ T r i p l e Alliance was practically dissolved: Italy had attacked a friend of the Teutonic powers. b Austria forced Europe two steps in the direction of war: (1) in 1908 * when she formally annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina and angered Serbia; (2) when in 1913 she insisted on an independent Albania and thus prevented Serbia from securing an outlet on the Adriatic. c. Bulgaria became the mortal enemy of Serbia and naturally drifted into the Teutonic alliance in 1916. Turkey i L France 19 1
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