Caption: War Publications - WWI Compilation 1923 - Article 49
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III. T H E BALKAN PROBLEMS TAKE FORM, 187M887 1. Important geographical facts a. Constantinople and the straits: gateway of the Black Sea. b. Salonlkl: most important port on the Aegean Sea; route from Salonlkl northward along Vardar River. c. Macedonia: most difficult problem in the peninsula, population uii plex of mutually hostile races. d. Albania: backward mountain country; Albanians a nation but incapable of self-government 2. Conflicting ambitions in the Balkans Turkey anxious to maintain her territorial integrity. Russia planning for an outlet through the straits; this might make the control of Constantinople necessary; closing of the straits by Turks and Germans in 1914 made it impossible for Russia to hold her own in a long war. Greece ambitious to annex Greek lands around the Aegean. Bulgarians striving for national existence and independence. Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro eager for complete independence and enlargement of territories. Austria hoping to annex Turkish territory to the Aegean: Bosnia, the Vardar valley, Saloniki. 3. Revolutionary movements; the Russo-Turkish War 1876. Revolt in the northwest (Herzegovina); the movement spreads. 1876. The Bulgars rebel; "Bulgarian atrocities." 1877-1878. Turks defeated in war with Russia. 1878. Treaty of San Stefano and the Congress of Berlin. error: the present war 4. dates from its sessions; its settlement was largely the work of Disraeli and possible Turkey and Germany b. Failed to carry out fully the principles of nationality: gave independence to Serbia and Rumania but left millions of Serbs and Rumanians outside the boundaries of these states; did not satisfy the ambitions of the Greeks; divided the Bulgarian lands into three parts, leaving one part wholly under Turkish rule. c. Gave the control of Bosnia and Herzegovina to Austria; an important Austrian advance toward the head of the Vardar valley. d. Failed to deal with the Macedonian problem. e. Note: (a) Serajovo is capital of Bosnia; (b) the "Saloniki front" was established largely to prevent Austria from reaching Saloniki. f. Compare the territorial arrangements of the treaty of San Stefano with the settlement of the Congress of Berlin. 5. The Triple Alliance and the Dual Entente grew out of the tlement at Berlin. Austria got two provinces without taking part in the wai Russia gained very little; Bismarck forced to choose between Austria and Russia chose to support Austria; Russia angry and humiliated: league of the Three Emperors dissolved. 9 A .
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